HPV and Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

This article was contributed by Dr Phon Su Ee, Consultant Obstetrics & Gynaecology (O&G) at Pantai Hospital Cheras. To book an appointment or learn more about Dr Phon Su Ee and her clinic, click here.

Cervical cancer is something many women have heard of—but not many talk about. The good news? It’s also one of the most preventable cancers. 

What Is HPV (Human Papillomavirus)?

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is very common. Most people who are sexually active will encounter it at some point in their lives—often without ever knowing it.

There are many types of HPV:

• Low-risk types can cause genital warts
• High-risk types can lead to cancers, especially cervical cancer

HPV infections are extremely common. However, in most women, the immune system clears the virus naturally. Problems arise only when a high-risk HPV infection stays in the body for many years.

How HPV Causes Cervical Cancer

Almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to high-risk HPV infection. HPV doesn’t cause cancer overnight. It slowly causes changes in the cells of the cervix. These changes usually don’t cause pain or symptoms at first.

That’s why cervical cancer can be dangerous if screening is missed—but also why it’s so preventable when screening is done regularly.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Are there any warning signs?

Early cervical cancer may not cause symptoms, which is why screening is important.

Later symptoms may include:

• Bleeding between periods or after sex
• Bleeding after menopause
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

If you notice any of these, don’t panic—but do see your gynaecologist.

How Cervical Cancer Can Be Prevented

Nearly all cervical cancers can be prevented with regular screening and HPV vaccination. 

Why regular screening matters

Cervical cancer screening can find:

• Precancerous changes, long before cancer develops
• HPV infection, even before any cell changes happen

Depending on your age, screening may include:

• Pap smear
• HPV testing

These tests are quick, usually painless, and truly lifesaving.

What about HPV vaccination?

The HPV vaccine offers strong protection against the types of HPV most likely to cause cervical cancer.

• It works best when given at a younger age, before exposure to the virus
• But adults can benefit too, especially before the age of 45
• Even vaccinated women still need regular screening

Vaccination plus screening is the best protection we have.

Protect Yourself with HPV Vaccination and Cervical Screening

• HPV is common — cervical cancer doesn’t have to be
• Screening finds problems early, when treatment is simple
• Vaccination adds powerful long-term protection

Taking care of your cervical health is a part of taking care of yourself—and your family. Early detection and prevention play a key role in protecting women’s health. Speak to the gynaecologists at Pantai Hospital Cheras to learn more about HPV vaccination, cervical screening, and personalised care.