From Gastritis to Ulcers: The Progression of H. pylori Infection

What is H.pylori?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a prevalent bacterium that colonises the human stomach, potentially leading to serious health consequences. Although many people carry H. pylori without experiencing symptoms, it is a primary cause of peptic ulcers and a significant risk factor for the development of stomach cancer.

Shape and Survival 

The bacterium’s spiral shape helps it burrow into the stomach lining to avoid acidic damage. Its production of urease neutralises stomach acid, creating a more hospitable environment.

Global Prevalence

The overall global prevalence of H. pylori infection was 44.3%, 50.8% in developing countries and 34.7% in developed countries. There was no significant difference between the H. pylori infection prevalence between males and females (Mehata et al., 2021).

Transmission

H. pylori spreads primarily through the fecal-oral or oral-oral route. Contaminated food, water, and utensils can also act as transmission vectors.

Symptoms of H. pylori Infection:

Most people infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic. However, symptoms can include:

• Burning pain in the stomach (especially on an empty stomach).
• Nausea and bloating.
• Frequent burping or loss of appetite.
• Unexplained weight loss.

How Does H. pylori Infection Progress?

The progression of H. pylori infection can be outlined in stages:

Initial Infection

Acquired through ingestion of contaminated substances, the bacterium colonises the stomach lining. The infection often begins during childhood and remains dormant for years.

Chronic Gastritis

Over time, H. pylori causes inflammation of the stomach lining. While symptoms may be mild or absent, this stage can result in discomfort for some individuals.

Peptic Ulcers

Persistent inflammation can lead to the erosion of the stomach lining, forming open sores (ulcers). Symptoms include burning pain, bloating, and, in severe cases, bleeding.

Advanced Complications

Prolonged infection increases the risk of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

Why is it Important to Diagnose and Treat H. pylori?

Diagnosing and treating H. pylori is crucial because this bacteria is a major cause of peptic ulcers, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), and is strongly linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer, meaning early detection and treatment can prevent serious complications and potential health risks associated with the infection, even though many people with H. pylori may not experience symptoms, treating it can help heal existing ulcers and reduce the chance of developing future complications (Marginean et al., 2022). 

Diagnostic methods include:

• Non-Invasive Tests: Urea breath tests and stool antigen tests.
• Endoscopic Biopsy: For direct observation and sample collection when necessary.

Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. This dual approach eradicates the bacterium and reduces stomach acid, promoting healing.

How Can H. pylori Infection be Prevented?

Effective preventive measures H.pylori, to keep yourself and others safe from it. The main changes are:

• Hygiene: Handwashing after using the bathroom and before eating.
• Safe Food and Water: Consuming well-cooked food and clean drinking water.
• Avoiding Sharing Utensils: Reducing oral-oral transmission risks by not sharing utensils or toothbrushes.

With proper hygiene and awareness, the risk of H. pylori transmission can be significantly minimised.

Book an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals 

H. pylori infection is a common yet serious health issue that can progress from mild gastritis to life-threatening conditions like peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Early detection, timely treatment, and preventive measures are vital in managing this infection effectively.

Pantai Hospitals provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for H. pylori and other gastrointestinal conditions. Our team of experienced specialists utilises state-of-the-art technology to ensure accurate diagnosis and personalised care. Do not let digestive health issues compromise your quality of life. Book an appointment with Pantai Hospitals today and take the first step towards a healthier future. You may also book an appointment by downloading the MyHealth360 application from Google Play Store or Apple App Store. 

Pantai Hospitals have been accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.

References

1. Begum, J., Bernstein, S., & Gleim, S. (2023, September 27). H. pylori Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. WebMD. Retrieved January 27, 2025, from https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori
2. Connor, B. (n.d.). Helicobacter pylori. CDC. Retrieved January 27, 2025, from https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/helicobacter-pylori
3. A type of bacteria that infects the stomach-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection - Symptoms & causes. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved January 27, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/symptoms-causes/syc-20356171
4. Marginean, C. M., Cioboata, R., Olteanu, M., Vasile, C. M., Popescu, M., Popescu, A. I., Bondari, S., Pirscoveanu, D., Marginean, I. C., Iacob, G. A., Popescu, M. D., Stanciu, M., & .Mitrut, P. (2022b). The importance of accurate early diagnosis and eradication in helicobacter pylori infection: Pictorial Summary Review in children and adults. Antibiotics, 12(1), 60.https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010060
5. Mehata, S., Parajuli, K. R., Pant, N. D., Rayamajhee, B., Yadav, U. N., Mehta, R. K., Jha, P., Mehta, N., Dhimal, M., & Singh, D. R. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of helicobacter pylori infection among under-five children, adolescent and non-pregnant women in Nepal: Further analysis of Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey 2016. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009510