Colorectal Cancer

Understanding Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Colorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum, two vital parts of the digestive system. This type of cancer typically begins as benign polyps that have a risk of transformation into malignant tumours. However, the good news is that it is highly preventable and treatable, especially when detected early.

Types of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is classified into two main types: colon cancer and rectal cancer.

Colon cancer primarily occurs in the large intestine, while rectal cancer affects the rectum, the last few inches of the colon.

These cancers share similarities in terms of risk factors and symptoms, but understanding the distinction is crucial for appropriate treatment and care.

Symptoms

Early detection of colorectal cancer is essential for a better prognosis.

Symptoms to Watch For

Persistent changes in bowel habits
(diarrhea or constipation)

Blood in the stool or
rectal bleeding

Unexplained weight loss

Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort
(cramps, gas, or pain)

Weakness or fatigue

Risk Factors

Numerous factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer including

Age	Colorectal cancer is more prevalent in individuals aged 50 and above.
Family history	A family history of colorectal cancer or certain hereditary conditions can raise the risk.
Lifestyle choices	Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet high in red and processed meats can contribute to a higher risk.
Inflammatory bowel diseases	Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis increase the risk.
Obesity	Being overweight or obese is associated with a greater likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing colorectal cancer often involves a series of tests and procedures.
These may include:

Colonoscopy	A colonoscopy is a crucial screening tool for detecting polyps and early-stage cancers.
Imaging studies	CT scans, MRI, and PET scans can provide a comprehensive view of the colon and rectum.
Biopsy	Tissue samples are taken from suspicious growths and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment

Once diagnosed, colorectal cancer requires prompt and effective treatment.
Treatment options may include:

Surgery	Surgical removal of the tumour, nearby lymph nodes, and affected tissues is the primary treatment.
Chemotheraphy	Medications are used to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth.
Radiation theraphy	High-energy beams are focused on the tumour to shrink it or eliminate cancer cells for rectal cancer.
Targeted theraphy	Targeted drugs are used to block specific molecules that promote cancer growth.
Immunotheraphy	Enhances the body's natural defences to fight cancer.

Prevention

	Regular Screenings: Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer and polyps. Other screening methods include stool-based tests (FIT, FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy.
	Maintain a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber can lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Limiting red and processed meats is also advised.
	Healthy Diet: Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, which can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.
	Avoid Tobacco and Alcohol: Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are critical for reducing risks.

Regular Screenings:

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer and polyps. Other screening methods include stool-based tests (FIT, FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle:

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber can lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Limiting red and processed meats is also advised.