Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Women

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in women continue to pose a significant public health challenge worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations.
However, how can you tell if you have contracted an STI? What signs should you look out for, and what steps should you take during diagnosis?

In this guide, we explain common sexually transmitted infections that affect women and provide valuable knowledge to empower individuals to take charge of their sexual health.

What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases?

The terms STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection) and STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) are often used interchangeably.

STIs refer to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites that are transmitted through sexual activity (vaginal, anal, or oral sex) or intimate contact. STDs refer to conditions in which an STI has progressed to cause symptoms or disease.

Public health and healthcare efforts focus on preventing and treating infections before they develop into disease. As such, many organisations, including the CDC, now prefer the term STI. However, the term STD is still used when referring to data or information from sources that use this terminology.

What Are Examples and Types of STIs in Women?

Some common STIs affecting women include:

1. HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

HPV is a viral infection that causes small skin growths (warts) on various parts of the body. There are more than 200 types of HPV, and some can cause cancer. In addition to cervical cancer, HPV is associated with cancers of the anus, vulva, and throat (oropharyngeal cancer).

2. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs and is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. If left untreated, it can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease. Pregnant women can pass chlamydia to their baby during childbirth if untreated. Once diagnosed, chlamydia can be effectively treated with antibiotics.

3. Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and commonly affects young people. The bacteria can infect the genital tract, mouth, or anus. Transmission occurs through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected person. Untreated mothers can transmit gonorrhoea to their baby during childbirth.

4. Syphilis

Syphilis can infect the genitals, lips, mouth, or anus in both men and women. It is usually transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person and can also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy.

5. Genital Herpes

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), commonly known as herpes, causes sores on the genitals or rectum, buttocks, and thighs. It is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person and can spread even without visible sores. Mothers can also transmit the virus to their babies during childbirth.

6. Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is transmitted through sexual contact and often presents without noticeable symptoms. When symptoms occur, they usually appear within 5 to 28 days after infection.

7. HIV/AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system by destroying infection-fighting cells. It spreads through contact with bodily fluids, mainly through unprotected sex, sharing needles, contact with infected blood, and from mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

If untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Although HIV cannot be cured, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress the virus. Individuals with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit HIV to HIV-negative partners through sex. Treatment also reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission during childbirth and breastfeeding.

What Are the Signs, Symptoms, and Indicators of STIs?

STIs present differently depending on a woman’s age and overall health. Common symptoms include:

Pain or frequent urination
Unusual vaginal odour
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Vaginal itching or redness
Anal itching
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Lumps, sores, or blisters in the mouth, vagina, or anus
Burning or pain during urination
Lower abdominal pain
Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the groin

Causes and Risk Factors for STIs in Women

Sexually active women have varying levels of exposure to STIs. Risk factors include:

Unprotected sex with an infected partner
Having multiple sexual partners
Previous history of STIs
Sharing needles during drug use
Lack of knowledge or misinformation about sexual health

Studies show that nearly half of all new STI cases occur among individuals aged 15–24.

How Are STIs in Women Treated?

Treatment depends on the type of infection:

Antibiotics: Cure most bacterial and parasitic STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. It is crucial to complete the prescribed course and abstain from sexual activity for at least one week after treatment and until sores heal.
Antiviral medications: Used for HIV and herpes. Antivirals reduce herpes symptoms, while ART helps manage HIV and lowers the risk of transmission.

What Happens If STIs Are Left Untreated?

Untreated STIs can lead to:

Transmission to sexual partners
Infertility (e.g. gonorrhoea and chlamydia)
Risks to unborn babies during pregnancy
Increased cancer risk, such as cervical cancer from untreated HPV

How Can STIs Be Prevented?

Vaccination: Vaccines are available for HPV and Hepatitis B
Limit sexual partners: Fewer partners reduce exposure risk
Practise safe sex: Use condoms or dental dams consistently and correctly
Avoid sharing needles
Regular screenings: Schedule routine check-ups and discuss any concerns with your doctor

Schedule an Appointment at Pantai Hospital

Take charge of your sexual health today. Get tested regularly, practise safe sex, and communicate openly with your partner. Prevention is key—protect yourself and your loved ones from STIs.

Contact us to schedule an appointment with our gynaecology team or learn more about Obstetrics and Gynaecology Services at your nearest Pantai Hospital.

Pantai Hospital is accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.